Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">T-Norm</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Eine <b>T-Norm</b>, oft auch klein <i>t-Norm</i>, ist eine <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">mathematische Funktion</a>, die im Bereich <a href="Mehrwertige_Logik" title="Mehrwertige Logik">mehrwertiger Logiken</a>, insbesondere in der <a href="Fuzzy-Logik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzzy-Logik">Fuzzy-Logik</a>, Bedeutung erlangt hat. Der Begriff leitet sich vom Englischen <i>triangular norm</i>, zu Deutsch <i>Dreiecksnorm</i> ab, und rührt daher, dass eine T-Norm eine dreiecksähnliche Fläche im <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Eine T-Norm ist auf dem <a href="Einheitsintervall" class="mw-redirect" title="Einheitsintervall">Einheitsintervall</a> [0,1] definiert
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T:[0,1]\times [0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T:[0,1]\times [0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]}</annotation>
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</p><p>und muss folgende Eigenschaften aufweisen (zur exakten Definition dieser Eigenschaften siehe die Tabelle zu T-Norm und T-Conorm am Ende dieses Artikels):
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Assoziativit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Assoziativität">Assoziativität</a>: T(<i>a</i>, T(<i>b</i>, <i>c</i>)) = T(T(<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>), <i>c</i>)</li>
<li><a href="Kommutativit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommutativität">Kommutativität</a>: T(<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) = T(<i>b</i>, <i>a</i>)</li>
<li><a href="Monotonie_(Logik)" title="Monotonie (Logik)">Monotonie</a>: T(<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>) ≤ T(<i>c</i>, <i>d</i>), falls <i>a</i> ≤ <i>c</i> und <i>b</i> ≤ <i>d</i></li>
<li>1 ist <a href="Neutrales_Element" title="Neutrales Element">neutrales Element</a>: T(<i>a</i>, 1) = <i>a</i></li></ul>
<p>Die T-Norm dient dazu, für <a href="Mehrwertige_Logik" title="Mehrwertige Logik">mehrwertige Logiken</a> einen verallgemeinerten <a href="Konjunktion_(Logik)" title="Konjunktion (Logik)">Konjunktions</a>-<a href="Operator_(Mathematik)" title="Operator (Mathematik)">Operator</a> zu stellen. Die oben genannten Eigenschaften sind gleichsam allgemeinste Eigenschaften eines solchen Operators: Assoziativität und Kommutativität sind selbstverständlich. Die Monotonie garantiert eine gewisse Regelmäßigkeit in der Struktur von Definitions- und Zielmenge. Die „1“ als neutrales Element ermöglicht Konjunktionen, deren Ergebnis nur von einem Operanden abhängt.
</p><p>Diese Eigenschaften werden im Zusammenhang mit <a href="Fuzzy-Menge" title="Fuzzy-Menge">Fuzzy-Mengen</a> verwendet, um die <a href="Schnittmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnittmenge">Schnittmengen</a>-Operation nachzubilden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T-Conormen">T-Conormen</h2></div>
<p>Komplementär zu T-Normen werden <i>T-Conormen</i> (auch <i>S-Normen</i> genannt) verwendet, als <a href="Bezeichner" title="Bezeichner">Bezeichner</a> ist entsprechend ⊥ oder S üblich:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \bot (a,b)=1-\top (1-a,1-b).}">
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<p>Mit Hilfe der <a href="De_Morgansche_Gesetze" class="mw-redirect" title="De Morgansche Gesetze">De Morganschen Gesetze</a> lässt sich auf der Basis einer T-Norm, welche Konjunktion bzw. Schnittmenge liefert, und einer <a href="Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a> die <a href="Disjunktion" title="Disjunktion">Disjunktions</a>- bzw. die <a href="Vereinigungsmenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Vereinigungsmenge">Vereinigungsmengen</a>-Operation ableiten.
</p><p>Verallgemeinerung: Es kann ein anderer als der Standard-Negator
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<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {n} (x)=1-x}">
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<p>verwendet werden. Damit wird obige Beziehung verallgemeinert zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \bot (a,b)=\operatorname {n} (\top (\operatorname {n} (a),\operatorname {n} (b))).}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \bot (a,b)=\operatorname {n} (\top (\operatorname {n} (a),\operatorname {n} (b))).}</annotation>
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<p>Die Mindestanforderungen an einen Negator sind im Allgemeinen: Monotonie (fallend), n(0)=1, n(1)=0.<br>
In diesem Zusammenhang wird aber <i>strenge</i> Monotonie und Involutivität n(n(<i>x</i>)) = x, d. h. n = n<sup>−1</sup>, gefordert:<br>
Das Tripel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\top ,\bot ,n)}">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geläufige_T-Normen_und_T-Conormen"><span id="Gel.C3.A4ufige_T-Normen_und_T-Conormen"></span>Geläufige T-Normen und T-Conormen</h2></div>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a,b\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{a,b\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{0,a+b-1\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a+b,1\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{prod}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a\cdot b&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{sum}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a+b-a\cdot b\\\\\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=1\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=1\\0,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=0\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=0\\1,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.\end{matrix}}}">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mtd>
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<mo>{</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mtd>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
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<mo>{</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a,b\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{a,b\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{0,a+b-1\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a+b,1\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{prod}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a\cdot b&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{sum}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a+b-a\cdot b\\\\\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=1\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=1\\0,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=0\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=0\\1,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec5fc4463e4c34d013652d98dd55923c590a2c84.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -14.005ex; width:72.555ex; height:29.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a,b\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{a,b\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\max\{0,a+b-1\}&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{Luka}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\min\{a+b,1\}\\\\\mathrm {\top _{prod}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a\cdot b&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{sum}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;a+b-a\cdot b\\\\\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=1\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=1\\0,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.&amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;=&amp;\left\{{\begin{matrix}a,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}b=0\\b,&amp;{\mbox{falls }}a=0\\1,&amp;{\mbox{sonst}}\end{matrix}}\right.\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Die angegebenen T-Conormen sind jeweils bezüglich der Standardnegation N(x)=1-x zur entsprechenden T-Norm dual, also über die De Morganschen Gesetze verknüpft. Mit anderen <a href="Involution_(Mathematik)" title="Involution (Mathematik)">involutiven</a> Negationen ergeben sich im Allgemeinen auch andere T-Conormen.
</p><p>Die erstgenannte wird wegen ihrer Einfachheit und ihrer unten genannten Eigenschaften am häufigsten eingesetzt. Die 3. T-Norm, sowie deren T-Conorm kommen aus der <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung">Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung</a>.
Weiterhin gelten folgende Zusammenhänge:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\top (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)\\\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\bot (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)\end{matrix}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mtd>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\top (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)\\\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\bot (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)\end{matrix}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7eb2ceb2b2286a402bfb20de5d30e3b63ca75a20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:40.558ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathrm {\top _{-1}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\top (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\top _{min}} (a,b)\\\mathrm {\bot _{max}} (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\bot (a,b)&amp;\leq &amp;\mathrm {\bot _{-1}} (a,b)\end{matrix}}}" loading="lazy"></span><br>D.&nbsp;h., dass die drastische T-Norm (T<sub>-1</sub>) die kleinste und die Minimum-T-Norm die größte ist. Umgekehrtes gilt für die T-Conorm. T(a, b) bzw. ⊥(a, b) steht hierbei für jede beliebige T-Norm bzw. T-Conorm.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhänge_zwischen_T-Norm_und_T-Conorm"><span id="Zusammenh.C3.A4nge_zwischen_T-Norm_und_T-Conorm"></span>Zusammenhänge zwischen T-Norm und T-Conorm</h2></div>
<p>Aufgrund der schon erwähnten De Morganschen Gesetze ergeben sich folgende komplementären Zusammenhänge:
</p>
<dl><dd>1-⊥(a,b) = T(1-a, 1-b) &nbsp; &nbsp; und &nbsp; &nbsp; 1-T(a,b) = ⊥(1-a, 1-b)</dd></dl>
<p>Den obigen Axiomen für T-Normen entsprechen folgende Bedingungen für eine T-Conorm:
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">

<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th style="text-align:left; background:#F0F0F0;">T-Norm
</th>
<th style="text-align:left; background:#F0F0F0;">T-Conorm
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0">Nullelement:
</td>
<td>T(0,a) = T(a,0) = 0
</td>
<td>⊥(a,1) = ⊥(1,a) = 1
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0">Neutrales Element:
</td>
<td>T(a,1) = T(1,a) = a
</td>
<td>⊥(0,a) = ⊥(a,0) = a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0">Assoziativität:
</td>
<td>T(a,T(b,c)) = T(T(a,b),c)
</td>
<td>⊥(a,⊥(b,c)) = ⊥(⊥(a,b),c)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0">Kommutativität:
</td>
<td>T(a,b) = T(b,a)
</td>
<td>⊥(a,b) = ⊥(b,a)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0">Monotonie:
</td>
<td>a ≤ b ⇒ T(a,c) ≤ T(b,c)
</td>
<td>a ≤ b ⇒ ⊥(a,c) ≤ ⊥(b,c)
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Diese Beziehungen gelten nicht nur für den Standard-Negator, sondern für jedes De-Morgan-Triplett.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_T-Norm_und_Copula">Zusammenhang zwischen T-Norm und Copula</h2></div>
<p>Eine T-Norm hat die <i>positive Rechteck-Eigenschaft</i>, wenn für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{1}\leq a_{2},b_{1}\leq b_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{1}\leq a_{2},b_{1}\leq b_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8beca0d8f9588616c3a16a69e57bb32ab9228f08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.903ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{1}\leq a_{2},b_{1}\leq b_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{1})+\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{1})\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{1})+\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{1})\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbfc4bda35280418403c96737781df4ae4864b0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:48.731ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{1})+\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{1},b_{2})-\mathrm {\top } (a_{2},b_{1})\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Jede T-Norm mit positiver Rechteck-Eigenschaft ist eine bivariate <a href="Copula_(Mathematik)" title="Copula (Mathematik)">Copula</a> (siehe Grabisch et al. 2009). Von obigen Beispielen sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{min}} ,\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} ,\mathrm {\top _{prod}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{min}} ,\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} ,\mathrm {\top _{prod}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8088151b7e765f377a29c9670db55c62a912b2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.855ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{min}} ,\mathrm {\top _{Luka}} ,\mathrm {\top _{prod}} }" loading="lazy"></span> gleichzeitig Copulae, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{-1}} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">⊤<!-- ⊤ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{-1}} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a96278c9872cff1144bcace2a73a52bac25c5fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.141ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\top _{-1}} }" loading="lazy"></span> jedoch nicht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Frank Klawonn, Rudolf Kruse, Andreas Nürnberger: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fuzzy-Regelung: Grundlagen, Entwurf, Analyse</cite>. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-642-55812-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>15<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=i-qGRdUakhYC&amp;pg=PA15#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:T-Norm&amp;rft.au=Frank+Klawonn%2C+Rudolf+Kruse%2C+Andreas+N%C3%BCrnberger&amp;rft.btitle=Fuzzy-Regelung%3A+Grundlagen%2C+Entwurf%2C+Analyse&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3642558127&amp;rft.pages=15+ff.&amp;rft.place=Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Horst_St%C3%B6cker" title="Horst Stöcker">Horst Stöcker</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Taschenbuch mathematischer Formeln und moderner Verfahren</cite>. <a href="Verlag_Harri_Deutsch" title="Verlag Harri Deutsch">Verlag Harri Deutsch</a>, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-8171-1811-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>727<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=SEUOgXkZVD4C&amp;pg=PA727#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:T-Norm&amp;rft.au=Horst+St%C3%B6cker&amp;rft.btitle=Taschenbuch+mathematischer+Formeln+und+moderner+Verfahren&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783817118113&amp;rft.pages=727+f.&amp;rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&amp;rft.pub=Verlag+Harri+Deutsch" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Siegfried Gottwald: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mehrwertige Logik: Eine Einführung in Theorie und Anwendungen</cite>. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-05-000765-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>172<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=MePG64AJ5C4C&amp;pg=PA172#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:T-Norm&amp;rft.au=Siegfried+Gottwald&amp;rft.btitle=Mehrwertige+Logik%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+Theorie+und+Anwendungen&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3050007656&amp;rft.pages=172+f.&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Grabisch,M., Marichal,J.-L., Mesiar,R. and E. Pap: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Aggregation Functions</cite>. Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-51926-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>56<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>f</span>. (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=gueKp7j49SMC&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:T-Norm&amp;rft.au=Grabisch%2CM.%2C+Marichal%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=Aggregation+Functions&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521519267&amp;rft.pages=56+f.&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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